EnergieopslagZero Carbon Energy System

What is a net-zero emissions energy system?

ENERGY any CO2 to the atmosphere (a net-zero emissions energy system). We discuss prominent techno-logical opportunities and barriers for eliminat-ing and/or managing emissions related to the difficult to provide without adding carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere.

What is the difference between low-carbon and net-zero energy systems?

Similarly, ‘low-carbon‘ transitions is used to describe transitions that limit likely to 2°C (>67%) or below. ‘Net-zero‘ energy systems refer to those that produce very little or no CO 2 or may even sequester CO 2 from the atmosphere.

What are the prevailing carbon prices in net-zero scenarios?

The prevailing carbon prices in net-zero scenarios—a proxy for global climate policies—range from zero to > $1000/t CO 2, yet with no clear relationship to either warming level or the amount of carbon sequestration through bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) (Fig. 1f; note that 16 scenarios with prices > $2000/t CO 2 are not shown).

Which technologies will be favored in a net-zero emissions energy system?

Recycling and removal of carbon from the atmosphere (carbon management) is also likely to be an important activity of any net-zero emissions energy system. The specific technologies that will be favored in future marketplaces are largely uncertain, but only a finite number of technology choices exist today for each functional role.

How can a net-zero emissions energy system be interconverted?

In each case, there are options for producing carbon-neutral or low-carbon fuels that could be integrated to a net-zero emissions energy system (Fig. 1), and each can also be interconverted through existing thermochemical processes (Table 1). Table 1 Key energy carriers and the processes for interconversion.

Will biomass supply liquid fuels in a net-zero emissions energy system?

The extent to which biomass will supply liquid fuels in a future net-zero emissions energy system thus depends on advances in conversion technology, competing demands for bioenergy and land, the feasibility of other sources of carbon-neutral fuels, and integration of biomass production with other objectives (25).